Showing posts with label Vintage Bikes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Vintage Bikes. Show all posts

Tuesday, September 3, 2024

Transforming a Derelict Garage into a Bicycle Workshop

Old and Renewed Garage

This garage had seen better days.

This garage was built in the 1940s for a smaller generation of cars. It was tilting to one side badly.  The interior was covered in cobwebs and mud tunnels from past termite damage. The studs and bottom plate were rotted from standing in water. The concrete slab did not have cracks, but it was sinking under the building’s weight.  Every time it rained the water would gush in from the alley covering the cement floor with a slimy layer of grime. 

Old Garage and New Bicycle Workshop
The Garage Interior Before and After the Project.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

For years my wife Mary Ann and I had been hoping a tree limb would fall on it so we could get a little insurance money for it. 

Mary Ann quipped, “You just wait.  Once we get this garage fixed up, a limb will fall on it.”  I could not disagree with this foreboding comment, but I didn’t believe it would happen. The garage had withstood 80 years without such a mishap, so the odds were against it happening any time soon. 

From Idea to Reality

The idea of using our rickety garage as a bicycle workshop had been percolating for years. However, the task of fixing up the old garage seemed daunting. Not only was it old, leaning, and full of spiders, but it also would need significant structural repair to make it a decent year-round workspace. If the garage was to be renewed, the flooding every time it rained also would have to be fixed.

I felt certain Mary Ann would think turning the garage into a bicycle workshop was a zany idea.

Still, I pleaded my case., “My bicycle repair tools are scattered over every corner of the basement. Why don’t we turn our useless garage into a bicycle workshop.”

She knew this was true. The wheel truing stand was in one corner. Bicycles hung from the ceiling in the opposite corner. The bicycle repair stand--a trusty 30-year-old Park Tool (PRS 3) relic (that still works fantastically) --was surrounded on all sides by bikes, pegboard and shelves. I could barely walk around bikes without knocking my head. 

Bike on Repair Stand in Basement
The Basement Bicycle Workspace Before the Garage Project.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

We also are in our 70s and the passage of years had made it difficult to get bicycles up and down the basement stairs. We hired a contractor named Pete Ganginis to replace the old stairs to make them easier to navigate. He measured them and found that they were both steep and uneven. Pete agreed with us that the stairs were an accident waiting to happen.

Pete Ganginis is an excellent contractor who has worked for us for years. He had done almost every major house remodeling project for us. This included constructing a major family room addition, renewing our master bathroom, and adding a deck with a roof.

After replacing the stairs, Pete designed an ingenious two-stage ramp for getting the bikes up and down them. This got the job done. However, it still required two people to perform an awkward dance getting the bikes into the basement. Also, keeping the workshop in the basement meant it would still be cluttered with bicycles, tools, and spare parts.

The Ramp from the First Floor to the Basement.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

Mary Ann said, “Why don’t we give Pete a call to see if making over the garage is even feasible. He may take one look at it and say, are you kidding me?”

We contacted Pete to get his assessment of whether the idea of transforming our derelict garage was a pipe dream. We were prepared for him to tell us that it was a crazy idea.

Pete’s wife Joanne contacted us. To our surprise, she said, “Making over a garage is a high-value project. Pete does these projects all the time. People often set up garages as a work-from-home office space. For the investment to pay off, it must be done right.”

Tearing down the old garage was also an option. The next time we saw Pete we asked him about renewing the old garage versus tearing it down and rebuilding.

Pete said, “I can do either one, but I recommend updating the old garage. I like restoring old garages because they reflect the character of the neighborhood. I have done a lot of these, and restoring the garage will look better than you think.”

That was music to our ears. We decided to move forward and never looked back.

The Garage Renewal

Once we had removed the wood, lawnmower, and tools from the garage, Pete was ready to start. Pete first reinforced all the clapped-out exposed studs with 2 by 6 framing. This permitted the use of R20 insulation in the walls. He also installed a new ridge beam. Then the old roof cross members were removed, and he elevated the ceiling. An old window was transformed into an opening for a new garage door.

Garage Framing and the Raised Elevation Over Old Rotted Wall Plate.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

After reinforcing the entire structure, he took on the risky task of raising and leveling the entire garage. With straps and 2 by 4s holding the garage frame intact, he used bottle jacks to raise the whole garage.

As Pete was raising the whole structure, I poked my head in the garage and said, “Pete, that looks dangerous.”

He replied, “It is dangerous!”

The garage was levitating 8 inches over the ground as if being held aloft by some magical force.

The concrete truck rolled in loudly with a vroom-vroom. Gravel and cement were sloshing and clanging on the side of a rotating concrete mixer barrel, a rhythmic, scratchy sound. The truck backed up to the garage and began to pour the concrete.

Concrete mixer in front of garage
The Cement Truck Pouring the Concrete Floor.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

Pete had already prepared the floor for the new concrete. He had put in reinforcement bars and 6 new posts to provide firm support for the new concrete floor. After a while, the concrete mixer truck took off with a puff of blue smoke and disappeared from sight.

Pete’s crew had been ready and waiting. They quickly spread the concrete before it set up. Standing in the wet concrete in rubber boots, they began raking, smoothing, and finishing the work.

New garage concrete floor and studs
The Finished Concrete Floor.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

Once finished, they put up tape so we would not foolishly walk on the concrete before it was set. It was finished on a Friday and because of a holiday, it had 3 days to cure. It would take 30 days for it to fully cure, but the surface was hard and walkable after 3 days. The floor was 8 inches thick and went right to the bottom floor plates of the jacked-up house.

On Tuesday, the strapping holding the garage upright was removed. Pete very carefully lowered the whole structure and bolted the building to the new concrete floor. The garage was now standing tall, level, and proud. We were astonished it didn’t fall over in a heap.

The potential bicycle workshop began to shine through the exposed studs and concrete floor. The electrician used a trench dug by Pete’s crew to extend an electricity line to the old garage. He put in lines, light boxes, receptacles, and an outdoor light. He also installed a 220-volt line to the location of the future mini-split system which would heat and cool the garage.

After this, the HVAC team installed the Carrier mini-split heat pump to cool and heat the space to a comfortable temperature. They put the line set for the mini-split system inside the framing so that it would not show in the finished interior. They would have to return to install the actual unit after the walls were finished.

Carrier indoor and outdoor mini split system
Inside and Outside View of Mini-Split Carrier Heat Pump.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

Now the garage was ready for the finishing touches. Drywall was installed. Windows were put in place. The exterior was meticulously sanded removing 25 years of old paint residue. Then along with the interior, it was painted a greyish white. The old roof was replaced with new shingles.

New Dry Wall and Electrical Work
The Drywall before Painting and one of the Electric Outlets.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

In keeping the neighborhood alley, the garage door was fixed in place on the alley side of the garage to make it look like it could be opened. This of course was not true because Pete built a framed wall behind the old garage door so it could be insulated. He replaced the old single-pane glass with double-pane to make it more energy efficient.

A new door was installed in place of the old small window which had been facing the house. A laminate oak floor was laid as a finishing touch. 

Like a phoenix, the old garage arose from the ashes of its old self and looks beautiful.

The Bicycle Workshop

My existing bicycle workshop is spread throughout the basement. To put it mildly, this drove Mary Ann crazy. However, she also rides a bike and benefits from both major and minor repairs.

Mary Ann puts up with--but does not like--having a wheel truing stand in one corner, a tire changing station on the dryer, a repair stand in another corner, and bikes hanging from the ceiling. A 1966 Raleigh Sport and Mary Ann’s old road bike--which I am turning into an urban bike--are awaiting repair on the floor. She is ready for the bikes and associated repair paraphernalia to be moved out of the basement.

The first thing to be done in the new bicycle garage is to assemble a 6-foot-wide Husky workbench. It will be placed below the new windows. Sitting on the floor, Mary Ann and I fasten over 40 screws and bolts. I am impressed with the quality of the workbench, which is heavy and sturdy.

New Husky Work Bench under Window
The Seventy-Two Inch Husky Workbench and the Painted Walls.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

Now, the finishing touch is to put two long drawers into the workbench for easy access to bicycle tools. On the first attempt, we slid the door into place. It was very easy. Then we tried to push in the drawer and it would not close. We took the drawer out several times and tried again with the same result.

I studied the design of the rails that hold the drawer in place. I saw the key was to not only thread the drawer into the end of the rails but also through the ball-bearing race that was inside the rails. I did this carefully hoping for the best. Viola! It worked like a charm. After much sweating and cursing, the drawer was in place. What was supposed to be a simple task took 2 hours to complete.

The next job was to move my 25-year-old Park Tool bicycle stand (PRS-3) into the garage. For this job, I recruited our neighbor Tom who was gracious enough to help out with the heavy lifting. This stand has an 80-pound steel plate on the bottom, and it was impossible to move it up the steep basement stairs in one piece. I had the idea of making it simpler by detaching the plate from the vertical stand.

I said to Tom, “It should be easy. It’s just 4 bolts.”

Tom replied, “I should be able to carry it up the steps once the top is removed.”

The lesson I have learned over the years is that easy jobs often turn out to be the hardest ones. The job started well. The stand was removed from the basement. It was a piece of cake to move both the upper stand and lower plate to a proper position in the garage.

Wrestling the steel plate and the upper part of the stand, I was surprised that the screw holes in the upper stand would not align with the holes in the heavy plate. I had just removed them, so I knew they had to fit. After over an hour of awkwardly propping up both the stand and the plate (#130 Repair Stand Base), we were just about ready to give up.

Park Tool PRS-3 Work Stand
The 25-Year-Old Park Tool PRS-3 Logo and Bottom Steel Plate.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

I said to Tom, “I don’t know what is going wrong. Let’s call it a day and come back tomorrow for a fresh start.

Mary Ann impatiently looked at both of us. She wanted to get this job done today.

She said, “Why don’t you just remove the top part of the stand. It will make it easier to line up the bottom with the steel plate.”

“Okay. Let’s give it one last try today.”

We took off the top part of the stand and we finally were able to line up the holes. I discovered that what I thought was a square bracket on the bottom of the vertical stand actually was slightly rectangular. I turned the upper part of the stand 90 degrees and bolted the steel plate to the lower stand. We then reattached the upper stand and called it a day. After two hours of exasperation, the “easy job” was completed!

1977 Bicycle in Park Tool Work Stand
The 25-Year-Old Park Tool PRS-3 Workstand Holding 1976 Sekai Competition Bichcle.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

The next day we tested out a Topeak Swing Up EX bicycle holder for hanging bicycles on the wall. It worked perfectly. The bicycles easily can be swung side-to-side freeing up space in the garage. It also looks quite nice and gives the garage a bicycle vibe. The price for Topeak is a bit high compared to other brands on the market. I haven't tried them, so all I can say is the Topeak works extremely well.

Bicycle hanging on wall
Testing the TOPEAK Ex Swing-Up Wall Hook System.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

My next job is to sort out my extensive collection of tools. I will leave some in the basement and place others in the new bicycle repair garage. These will be hung on the pegboard above the workbench and to the side of the bicycle repair stand. I have not started repairing bicycles in the garage yet, but that will come with time.

The finished bicycle Workshop in an old garage
The Finished Renewed Garage and Bicycle Workshop.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

Finally, a flagstone patio was installed in front of the new door. This serves the dual purpose of tracking less mud into the new garage and providing an attractive new space that can be seen from the house.

We were totally amazed that Pete could transform a clapped-out, spider-filled garage into a beautiful, livable workspace. There is still much to be done, but we are happy with the outcome.

The Renewed Garage at Night with Flagstone Patio.
(Photo: Doug Barnes 2024)

Afterword

Mary Ann came upstairs to my office and said, “You aren’t going to believe this. A couple of tree limbs are in our backyard and they appear to have fallen on our new garage.”

Mary Ann’s foreboding thoughts had come true. A quick thunderstorm dropped not one, but two large limbs on the roof of the garage just 3 weeks after the makeover was finished. The new framing had stiffened the structure and limbs slid off the roof harmlessly. The only damage I could see was a bent gutter. The prophecy of Mary Ann had come true. Two tree limbs had fallen on the renewed garage.

I will be posting another blog on setting up the space with both pegboard and tools.

Saturday, April 23, 2022

A Short History of Schwinn: In 2022 Pon Holdings Purchases Schwinn

Schwinn Mountain Bicycle from the Schwinn Website, 2021
(Photo: Schwinn Website Modified by Doug Barnes)

Schwinn Bicycles now has a new owner. In early 2022, the ownership of the Schwinn brand transitioned from Canada to the Netherlands.

In October 2021, Pon Holdings of the Netherlands approved the purchase of the brands Schwinn, Cannondale, GT, and Mongoose from Dorel Industries for $810 million. The sale was completed on January 4, 2022. The Schwinn brand joins other brands already owned by Pon Holdings that including Gazelle, Cervélo, FOCUS, Santa Cruz, Kalkhoff, and Faraday.

Pon currently is one of the top 5 players in the bicycle industry. About 75% of people in the Netherlands have a bicycle made by Pons. The combined worth of the new bicycle business is valued at $2.9 billion. The fit of Schwinn and the other purchased brands is that Pon’s high-end bicycles will be complemented by more affordable mass-market bikes.

A Short History of Schwinn: 1990s Bankruptcy though 2021

Schwinn Cross/Fitness Image from 1992 Catalog
(Photo: 1992 Schwinn Catalog Image Modified by Doug Barnes)
Note: The catalog in 1992 was the last one published by the Schwinn family business.

The Schwinn family business was teetering on a financial precipice at the beginning of the 1990s. The company still had many popular bicycle models, but its business was faltering. At the corporate headquarters in Chicago, the managers of Schwinn were still in disbelief that their company could no longer sustain itself as a viable business. Afterall, this was Schwinn, the biggest bicycle name in the USA. How could the company fail?

Decline of the Air-Dyne and Exercise Bikes Increases Financial Pressure

In the late 1980s, Schwinn’s profits from its traditional bicycles had evaporated. A sign of trouble was that the exercise bicycles were keeping the company financially afloat. Schwinn had a virtual monopoly on stationary exercises and the Air-Dyne in particular had very high profit margins.

Unfortunately for Schwinn, in the early 1990s Sears, Roebuck and Co. came out with a comparable model at a lower price. The result was that sales of Air-Dyne plummeted by 35%. Schwinn said goodbye to 8 million in profit. Without the Air-Dyne and exercise bicycle sales, Schwinn was in trouble.

Schwinn 1985 XR-8 Weighted Wheel Exercise Bicycle
(Photo: 1985 Schwinn Catalog)

The decline of the Air-Dyne and other exercise bicycles was a symptom of Schwinn’s larger financial problems. In the early 1990s, the company lost $2.9 million with outstanding debt $80 million. The caused Schwinn to violate one of its bank covenants. Schwinn’s bankers called a meeting to see if something could be worked out.

Despite being deeply in debt, Schwinn took a hardline position against its creditors. Edward Schwinn figured that the bankers wouldn’t want to lose their equity in Schwinn if the company declared bankruptcy. Unfortunately, for Schwinn this was a miscalculation. Frustrated with Schwinn’s excuses, the Banker’s increasingly began playing financial hardball.

Wednesday, November 17, 2021

A Short History of Schwinn: The Tumultuous 1980s

Two adults astride a bicycle
Schwinn World is Still a Model Brand in 1987
(Image: Schwinn Catalog, 1987 modified by Doug Barnes)

Edward Schwinn, Jr. has been roundly criticized for the demise of Schwinn Bicycles as a family company. Although not all of his decisions were stellar, the blame was somewhat unfair.

Family businesses rarely last longer than the three generations, so the surprise is that the Schwinn family-owned bicycle company lasted so long.  Jonathan Ward (1987) in his work on family business succession indicated that 30 percent of businesses last through the second generation. This figure is reduced to 13 percent by the third generation. Only 3 percent of family businesses are still alive and kicking by the fourth generation (Zellweger, Nason, and Nordvist 2012).  Edward Schwinn, Jr. was a fourth-generation president of a family business.

Although these figures are a bit dated, the odds of family business survival are generally accepted to be low for several reasons. The charisma of the early founder fades and business conditions change. The next generations often have other interests. Successors may not be qualified for the job. Finally, nepotism and family feuds are inevitable. 

The Fourth Generation of Schwinn Managers

Schwinn was not the exception to this rule. The Schwinn family bicycle company was very strong for two generations.  The third generation Schwinn manager Frank W. Schwinn did not have the drive of his father.  

Second and Third Schwinn Generations: Father Frank W. Schwinn (Center)
with Sons Frank V. (Right) Edward, Sr. (Left), Late 1940s

(Image: Made in Chicago Museum ND)

The fourth-generation manager Ed Schwinn, Jr. placed too much emphasis on financial models and was not interested enough in modernizing the family factory.  He also had to deal with a bicycle industry that was in the throes of manufacturing globalization. These conditions would challenge even the most nimble companies.

Friday, September 17, 2021

A Short History of Schwinn: The Booming 1970s

 

Woman in front of vintage bicycle
Schwinn Varsity Sport, 1974
(Image: Schwinn Catalog, 1974)

Schwinn was founded by Ignaz Schwinn during the safety bicycle boom of the 1890s.  Around 1910 that boom turned to a bicycle bust and Ignaz Schwinn turned his attention towards motorcycles. He founded Excelsior motorcycles to counter the decline in bicycle sales. During this era of the early automobile, it seemed only normal to move from human-powered to motor-powered cycles. Despite the high quality of the motorcycles produced by Schwinn, in the late 1920s, the Great Depression put an end to this business. Schwinn returned to its roots in the 1930s and once again began to focus on high-quality bicycles. After 1930, Schwinn was very innovative and initiated models including the children's Autocycle and the adult Paramount. 

During the 1950s, Schwinn continued to concentrate on children's bicycles and through clever advertising established itself as a cultural icon. The 1960s were good times for Schwinn as the bicycle market began to expand to include adults. With expanding sales during the 1970s bicycle boom, it appeared Schwinn could do nothing wrong. The death of its long-time president Frank W. Schwinn combined with new trends in both bicycle design and production laid the foundation for a series of missteps that would later culminate in critical challenges for the family business.

The full 1895-1992 history of the Schwinn family bicycle business can be found in a separate but much longer article called "A Short History of Vintage Schwinn Bicycles." 

Booming Sales Clouded by Loss of Long Time President

Schwinn was riding high. The bicycle sales boom in the early 1970s meant that they could do no wrong. Bicycle sales for children continued to be strong. Schwinn had a slow start in producing the new popular 10-speeds but picked up steam by successfully selling the new Varsity line of bicycles to young adults. In 1971 Schwinn hit a new high in bicycle sales of 1.2 million bicycles and this included 326 thousand 10-speed bicycles (Pridmore, 2001). This amounted to a whopping 25% market share in 1970.

Woman in front of Schwinn Continental Bicycle
Schwinn Continental Sport, 1972
(Image: Schwinn Catalog, 1972)
The increasing sales were in one small part due to the popularity of the Schwinn Varsity and Continental (Shaddox 2000). Both of these bicycles were built to last. They were heavy but were among the first to provide riders in the USA with an affordable derailleur bike. The founders of Shimano convinced some of the managers in Schwinn that external derailleur bicycles would be attractive to both teenagers and young adults. 

Wednesday, September 1, 2021

A Short History of Schwinn: Domination in 1950-1970s

Illustration of boy with 1950s bike
Schwinn Panther Advertisement, 1950
(Image: Schwinn Catalog,  1950)
Schwinn was founded by Ignaz Schwinn during the safety bicycle boom of the 1890s.  Around 1910 that boom turned to a bicycle bust and Ignaz Schwinn turned his attention towards motorcycles. He founded Excelsior motorcycles to counter the decline in bicycle sales. During this era of the early automobile, it seemed only normal to move from human-powered to motor-powered cycles. Despite the high quality of the motorcycles produced by Schwinn, in the late 1920s, the Great Depression put an end to this business. Schwinn returned to its roots in the 1930s and once again began to focus on high-quality bicycles. After 1930, Schwinn was very innovative and initiated models including the children's Autocycle and the adult Paramount. During the 1950s, Schwinn continued to concentrate on children's bicycles and through clever advertising established itself as a cultural icon. The 1960s were good times for Schwinn as the bicycle market began to expand to include adults. 

Sunday, August 22, 2021

A Short History of Schwinn: Innovation in the 1930-1950s

Early Schwinn Bicycle Illustration
The Popular 1949 Schwinn Autocycle
(Image: Schwinn Catalog 1949)
Schwinn was founded by Ignaz Schwinn during the safety bicycle boom of the 1890s.  Around 1910 that boom turned to a bicycle bust and Ignaz Schwinn turned his attention towards motorcycles. He founded Excelsior motorcycles to counter the decline in bicycle sales. During this era of the early automobile, it seemed only normal to move from human-powered to motor-powered cycles. Despite the high quality of the motorcycles produced by Schwinn, in the late 1920s, the Great Depression put an end to this business.  People quit buying high-priced motorcycles.  Schwinn returned to its roots in the 1930s and once again began to focus on high-quality bicycles. After 1930, Schwinn was very innovative and initiated models including the children's Autocycle and the adult Paramount.

The full history of Schwinn bicycles as a family business can be found in a separate, much longer article called "A Short History of Vintage Schwinn Bicycles." 

This article is about Schwinn's history in the 1930s and 1940s and it is also is part of the full history. 

Schwinn Catalogs provide an interesting source of Schwinn history and can be found at Vintage Schwinn Bicycle PDF Catalogs.

Gamble on Promoting Style and Quality in the 1930s

Frank W. Schwinn, who was the son of the founder, returned from a research trip to Germany in the early 1930s.  On the trip, he saw sturdy balloon-tired bicycles surviving Germany's rough cobblestone roads. In the US, most bicycles at the time were made from poorly welded low-quality steel and had thin tires that hadn't changed since the early 1900s. They were produced for quick sales by mass retailers who could care less about durability. The trip set off what some may call a bicycle design revolution in the US, spurring Schwinn to develop a wide-tired bicycle that looked like a mini-motorcycle.  

Illustration of Schwinn Bicycle
Schwinn Introduces New Balloon Tire Bicycles, 1933
(Image: Schwinn Catalog 1933)
After the early 1930s tour of Germany, Frank W. Schwinn developed a new line of high-quality bicycles for kids and marketed them through retail bicycle shops rather than mass retailers. The new bikes were called autocycles or motorbikes. These new bicycles were a radical departure from others produced during the same period. Just to be clear, these bikes are not motorized. They were distinguished by motorcycle-inspired features such as the front "knee action spring fork" and coaster brakes. Schwinn was so confident about the durability of these bicycles, the company offered an--unheard of for the times--lifetime guarantee. This line of durable, high-quality bicycles became very popular and reinforced the reputation of Schwinn as being a force in the business. Sales increased 20-fold during the 1930s.  

1940s Bicycle Displayed in Museum
Schwinn Autocycle, Circa 1940.
(Photo: Doug Barnes at Bicycle Heaven, Pittsburgh)
As a testimonial to their durability, in the 1970s these long-forgotten 1930s bicycles were rediscovered by the inventors of the mountain bike in Marin County, California. Looking for a sturdy bike to race down a mountainside trail, they modified these old classics to deal with mountain terrain. As a precursor to the mountain bike, the 1930s Schwinns fit the bill. The autocycles and motorbicycles had sturdy frames, front suspension, and internal coaster brakes. The inventors rode and raced these bikes down a dirt mountain fire road that now is known as the famous Repack Course on Pine Mountain. The course got its name because of the necessity to repack the overheated coaster brake grease after each race. 

Toward the end of the 1930s, Frank W. Schwinn had shaken up the bicycle industry and firmly established his company as a dominant manufacturer.  The trifecta of producing high-quality bikes, designing them to look like motorcycles or airplanes, and selling them through independent dealers rather than department stores had catapulted Schwinn from subservient to large retailers to an independent leader in the bicycle industry. Many of the innovations in the children's line of bicycles originated with the experience of selling motorcycles in the 1920s. With the Schwinn motorcycle business now becoming a distant memory, many of the same Excelsior and Henderson engineers were recruited to design bicycles with an attitude.

Frank W. Schwinn was not satisfied that he had changed the children’s bicycle market.  He wanted to make an even larger mark on the bike industry.  After another trip to Europe in 1935, he was delighted to see adults riding bicycles. He was especially enamored with the sturdy internal 3-speed roadsters he had seen gliding over the streets of England. He decided that Schwinn should enter the adult bicycle market with a unique twist.

Frank W. Schwinn and his engineers got to work after his trip to Europe. The team began to develop a new line of adult lightweight Schwinn bicycles. Determined to once again reshape the bicycle industry as he had in the early 1930s, Frank W Schwinn hired one of the USA's best-known bicycle race mechanics name Emil Wastyn. With this collaboration in place, he learned that the manufacturing process had to be radically realigned to produce bicycles for adults. Under the supervision of Frank and his new lightweight bicycle engineers, Schwinn began to produce light chrome-moly lugged frames along with finely machine bicycle components that such as sprockets, hubs, cranks, and headsets.

Schwinn Paramount Racer, 1939
(Image: 1939 Schwinn Lightweight Bicycle Catalog)

As chronicled in the 1939 Schwinn catalog, Schwinn made the bold claim that, 

With the production of these super-fine lightweight touring and racing bicycles, the United States of America takes its rightful place among the leaders of the fine bicycle manufacturing nations of the world.

 In 1938, Schwinn christened the top-of-the-line lightweight bicycle the Paramount. The Paramount was destined to be an iconic product but the line was never very profitable. Frank W. Schwinn understood that the Paramount was a market leader that would set a high standard for all Schwinn adult bikes. To market these bicycles, the company sponsored a successful Schwinn Race team to participate in the popular 6-day races of the day. They also financed an attempt at breaking the world speed record and succeeded.  On a Schwinn Paramount in 1941, Alfred Letourneur rode close behind a specially designed motor vehicle and he set the world speed record at an incredible 108 miles per hour.

Schwinn Paramount World Speed Record, 1941
(Schwinn Catalog, 1949) 

The Paramount was never the most profitable product for the company but it firmly engraved the Schwinn name into the annals of bicycle history. One goal of the Paramount line was to market the Schwinn brand as producing bicycles of the highest quality. This strategy would succeed and the Schwinn Paramount would become part of Schwinn's enduring legacy for quality and innovation until the company’s bankruptcy in 1993. 

The 1930s was a period in which Frank W. Schwinn established himself as a creative force in both his company and the bicycle industry.  The decade started with an emphasis on motorcycles and ended with Schwinn firmly established as the highest quality bicycle maker for both adults and children. The innovations of the 1930s, such as the balloon-tired children's bikes, front suspension, front drum-style brakes, and the Paramount Racer set the direction for  Schwinn to next several decades. 

WWII Pause and Pivot to Marketing in the 1940s

The war years hit Schwinn hard. The company was not under financial duress because new government contracts to support the war replaced bicycle sales. The problem was that at a time when Schwinn was gaining momentum producing new models and its own parts, the company was required to hit the pause button. Most manufactures in the USA were required to shift their focus from consumer goods to assist the war effort and Schwinn was no exception. To erase any doubt about its patriotism, Schwinn as a company founded by a German-born immigrant gladly embraced this role. The company became an early recruit by the US government for the war effort. In 1942 Schwinn pivoted completely from bicycles to war materials. 

Schwinn Manufactures Own Crankset, 1941
(Image: Schwinn 1941 Catalog)
Schwinn did retain some marginal government contracts to produce plain bicycles without Schwinn’s high-quality chrome for use by the military.  Schwinn also produced some prototype bicycle products for the war effort but none ever gained favor among the military brass. A folding bicycle was developed that could be dropped behind enemy lines to provide mobility for paratroopers.  The 30-pound folding bicycles were impractical to parachute into a war zone and they never were deployed. So the Schwinn factory that previously built bicycles was kept busy producing artillery shells, frames for radar, tripods for machine guns, and parts for airplane cockpits. 

In the era of Rosie the Riveter, the composition of Schwinn’s workforce also changed. Male and some female Schwinn employees were reporting for overseas duty in large numbers. Schwinn adopted a policy to encourage the family members of those leaving for military service to fill their vacant jobs.  Many mothers, wives, and sisters began working on the Schwinn’s factory floor as their loved ones headed for the military conflicts in Europe and Japan. During the war years, women became the main workforce for Schwinn.

The end of the war brought with it better times both for Schwinn and the country. The post-war years were an era in which new families were being started. Soldiers returning from the front lines wanted nothing more than to pick up the pieces of the time they had lost while they were in the military. The resulting baby boom was followed by a surge of new spending on houses, radios, refrigerators, washers, and consumer items.

During this fresh start, Schwinn turned its energy towards marketing during this period of growth of consumerism. At Schwinn, the engineering culture established in the 1930s had laid the groundwork for producing a variety of new high-quality bicycles. Now in the latter part of the 1940s, the company with its stable of high-quality products was poised for the coming increase in demand generated by the return of war veterans. The question was how to sell them.  

The seeds for how to market Schwinn products were spread during the 1930s. Frank W. Schwinn was eager to reduce the company’s reliance on large retailers and had begun investing resources in developing direct relationships with small bicycle dealers across the nation. The consequence of this shift was that Schwinn had a pipeline of information about consumer preferences from those on the front line of bicycle sales. By the end of the 1940s, Schwinn had reduced its relations with large retailers and focused on its relationships with bike shops.  In 1939, Schwinn even produced a Hollywood bicycle model, one of the first to be specifically designed for and marketed to women.

Schwinn Woman's Bicycle 1949
Schwinn Hollywood Model Kicks Off Film Star Marketing Campaign in 1939
(Image: Schwinn Illustrated Catalog, 1949)

Selling bicycles through smaller shops meant that that Schwinn had to develop its own marketing strategy. Schwinn boldly stepped out of its engineering comfort zone and recruited many of Hollywood's top stars to promote their innovative bicycle lines. The luminaries featured in the 1946 poster catalog included Dorothy Lamour, Roy Rogers, Ronald Reagan, Jane Wyman, Janis Paige, Barbara Stanwyck, Joan Crawford, and Bing Crosby. 

1940s movie star with bicycle
Dorothy Lamour Promotes Schwinn, 1941
(Image: Schwinn Catalog 1941)

With a line of quality bicycles and a marketing strategy fine-tuned to consumer demand in place, during the late 1940s Schwinn was off and running. With the Hollywood stars endorsing Schwinn products combined with its reputation for quality, their bicycles began flying out of stores.  Schwinn increased sales to 400,000 bikes by the late 1940s and by 1950 had a 25% market share of bicycles sold in the USA.

With the manufacturing capacities in Europe and Asia decimated, the company became one of the dominant bicycle manufacturers in the USA. Within two decades that included a pause for World War II, Schwinn did not miss a beat. Frank W. Schwinn had changed a failed motorcycle business and a floundering bicycle company into a powerhouse that was on its way to becoming an American cultural icon.

Saturday, August 21, 2021

A Short History of Schwinn: The Beginnings 1895 to 1930

vintage 1890s bicycle
Possible Schwinn First Bicycle, 1895
(Photo: Famous Schwinn-Built Bicycle Brochure, 1895)

Schwinn was founded during the safety bicycle boom of the 1890s.  Around 1910 that boom turned to a bicycle bust and Ignaz Schwinn turned his attention towards motorcycles. He founded Excelsior motorcycles to counter the decline in bicycle sales. It seemed to be a natural evolution to move from human-powered to motor-powered cycles. Despite the high quality of the motorcycles produced by Schwinn, in the late 1920s, the Great Depression put an end to this business.  People quite buying high-priced motorcycles.  Schwinn returned to its roots in the 1930s and once again began to focus on high-quality bicycles. 

At present, the full history of Schwinn Bicycles can be found in a separate much longer article called A Short History of Vintage Schwinn Bicycles. 

Schwinn Catalogs provide an interesting source of Schwinn history and can be found at Vintage Schwinn Bicycle PDF Catalogs.

Company Founded during the 1890s Safety Bicycle Boom

In 1861, Ignaz Schwinn had a decision to make. He was managing a bicycle factory in Germany that he had helped build with Henrick Kleyer. He had landed the job with Kleyer because of some of his tinkerings with new safety bicycle designs. Things did not go smoothly in his new job and he had a dispute with Kleyer supposedly over a coaster brake design. He realized that in his current job he would never have control over the creative process for building a bicycle. This meant he probably could never advance beyond the position of factory manager. He made the bold decision to immigrate to the United States to pursue his creative passion for building innovative, quality bicycles. He packed up all his worldly possessions and along with his wife, sailed for the USA.

Once he arrived in Chicago he worked for a series of bicycle companies. He still felt that he was being held back. In 1894 he had a chance meeting with a fellow German immigrant named Adolph Frederick William Arnold. Arnold had an inkling that bicycles would have a bright future.  Having first made his money in the meatpacking business and later as a successful investor and banker, Arnold could see the promise of collaborating with an innovative bicycle factory manager like Ignaz Schwinn.  The consequence was the Arnold Schwinn and Company was formed in 1895. With a strong investor and an experienced manager, Arnold Schwinn & Company was off and running. 

The publication in 1895 coincides with the same year Schwinn was founded by Adolph Arnold and Ignaz Schwinn. This publication with the name Famous Schwinn Built-Bicycles very likely was marketing the original bicycles sold by the new bicycle company founded by the two founders. The brochure contains four interesting safety bicycles, including two for racing and two for everyday use.  The racing bicycle is stated to be just 19 pounds. Because of the development of the safety bicycle, women had become avid bicyclists in the 1890s. The Schwinn women's everyday model has a rear fender and webbing seemingly designed to prevent skirts from getting caught in the wheel or the chain.  

First Ladies Bicycle Produced by Schwinn, 1895
(Image: Schwinn Bicycle Advertisement, 1895)
The 1890s was the period of time when bicycles began to look like, well, bicycles. This catalog highlights Schwinn's version of safety bicycles that were all the rage in the late 1900s. Safety bicycles were quite popular with women. In many circles, they were even credited for securing women's right to vote. Sure enough, Schwinn has a model called the World Ladies' Standard Model No. 34. The catalog also contains cycles they call doubles, triples, and quadruples.  Yes. Schwinn made a four-seat bicycle in 1899. 


Four seat bicycle 1890s
Schwinn 1899 Four Seat Bicycle
Image: Schwinn 1889 Bicycle Catalog

During the 1890s, the bicycle boom was in full swing. As opposed to the awkward big wheelers, the new safety bikes with chains, adequate brakes, and easy steering were simple to ride. No requiring special skills to operate, the "mechanical horse" was seen as the way of the future. Many of the nation's roads were actually improved during this decade because of the desire to have more friendly places to ride a bicycle.  Manufacturers of bicycles, including the Wright Brothers, flourished in an age when the bicycle was considered a liberating invention that would change the world.  At the turn of the century and the advent of more reliable motorcars, the bloom started to come off the bicycle rose. The wild and wooly days of fast-paced innovations and booming sales were about to come to an end. Schwinn would have to adjust to a changing world or join the ranks of struggling bicycle manufacturers.

A Turn towards Motorcycles from 1900 to 1930

The bicycle industry entered the doldrums at the turn of the 20th Century. Adult ridership of bicycles plummeted as people’s attention turned to motorized transportation. The Wright Brothers started ignoring their bike shop in favor of flying machines. Henry Ford rode a bicycle to a factory where he manufactured his first motorcar that looked like two bicycles joined together. He and others like him working on the first cars would sound the death knell for the 1890s adult bicycle boom.

At the time, A. G. Spalding and Alexander Pope, both major bicycling manufacturers, realized that adults were quickly moving away from riding bicycles. With the slide in adult sales, Spalding and Pope joined hands with some others from the bicycle business to form the American Bicycle Company, a consolidated trust of manufacturers. In the spirit of industrial capitalism at the turn of the century, the goal was to monopolize the market and to put small independent bicycle companies out of business.  The venture almost worked. In 1899, the bicycle trust claimed to control 75 percent of bicycle sales. Over time, the major players in the trust began to bicker and fight with one another. This combined with declining bicycle sales caused the trust to burn through $80 million in startup capital. The well-financed trust was a spectacular failure and by 1903, it went into bankruptcy.

Ignaz Schwinn wisely stayed away from the ill-fated trust because he wasn’t one to surrender his independence. In the context of declining sales, he knew that to stay in business, his company would have to change its focus. He took advantage of the bicycle slump to purchase troubled manufactures. His partner Adolph Arnold could see that bicycles were no longer a growth industry. In 1908, he agreed to sell all his shares in the company to Ignaz Schwinn. On his part, Schwinn never gave up on the bicycle side of his company but he recognized that to survive his company would have to diversify.  

Ignaz Schwinn knew his company had a problem.  In the first decade of the 1900s, the sales of bicycles to adults had eviscerated. The remaining bicycle sales that remained during the slump were to children. Making matters worse, Schwinn had to sell its bikes through department stores such as Sears and Montgomery Ward. These retailers competed based on price and didn’t care much about quality because there was no appetite for parents to purchase long-lasting bicycles. Bikes did not have to last very long because children quickly outgrew them. Also, young kids are rough on bicycles and they were ready for the scrap heap once they were ready to move on to a larger size.  

Ignaz Schwinn saw the writing on the wall.  He would have to diversify to keep his company alive. He made a bet on a new type of cycle—the motorcycle. Most of Schwinn’s creative energy from 1910 through 1930 went into producing a well-respected brand of motorcycle called the Excelsior. In 1917, Schwinn purchased Henderson Motorcycle Company from its owners.  Their motorcycles were popular and in the late 1920s, Schwinn became the third largest motorcycle company in the country.

Vintage bicycle on grey background
Schwinn Excelsior Bicycle 1917
(Image: 1917 Schwinn Catalog)

A nice side benefit of purchasing Henderson was they also produced a line of bicycles that could be integrated into the Schwinn portfolio. In a sense, entering into the motorcycle business saved Schwinn as a bicycle company by getting through a very rough patch of declining sales. The motorcycle division of Schwinn took up all the creative energies of the company, and the bicycle division limped along barely surviving its plight.  But by purchasing new bicycle companies during industry consolidation, intentional or not, Schwinn was positioning itself for the next phase of its bicycle business.

The good times of the roaring twenties led to the Great Recession. The bubble burst and all companies, including the motorcycle industry, came under great financial strain. Ignaz Schwinn was heavily invested in the stock market and the plunge in the value of stocks left him with few financial resources.  Thus, in 1931, he called together a group of his closest associates. He realized the time of Schwinn competing in the motorcycle business had come to an end.  He could not find a buyer for the motorcycle business, so at the meeting of his senior staff, he said, “Gentlemen, today we stop.” Schwinn abandoned the motorcycle industry and in an unlikely gamble turned its focus to bicycles. 

At the age of over 70 years old, Ignaz Schwinn decided it was time to wind down his active management of the company. He turned over business operations to his son Frank. With the motorcycles in the rearview mirror, Frank Schwinn took on the difficult task of reinventing what remained of the bicycle business. The company would eventually be renamed the Schwinn Bicycle Company. With his background as an innovative motorcycle engineer, he set his eyes on developing futuristic new bicycle products geared towards children. The stage was set for an era of Schwinn creativity and innovation that would catapult the company into a dominant position in the bicycle industry.

Monday, July 19, 2021

Vintage Schwinn Bicycle PDF Catalogs

 

The Schwinn catalogs are an important part of bicycle history. The Schwinn family bicycle company started in the 1890s by making safety bicycle era. The brand gained popularity with its balloon tire bikes for children in the 1930s through 1950s. The company sales took off during the bicycle boom of the late 1960s and 1970s.  Schwinn struggled to figure out a financial model in the face of increasing competition and the low costs of manufacturing in Asia. In the late 1980s, the Schwinn balance sheet began to deteriorate leading to the sale of the company's name in the early 1990s. The Schwinn Catalogs are a mirror for all of this rich company history. 

I used several sites that have quite a bit of information on Schwinn bicycles.  The sites with the most information on Schwinn catalogs were BikeHistory and Waterford Precision Cycles.  Waterford credits Tom Findley for the catalog scans. In what must have been a labor of love, Tom Findley scanned each individual page including the front and back of the Schwinn bicycle catalogs. Each individual page is presented by year on the Waterford site. The Catalog PDFs in this post have been drawn mainly from the Waterford website because they are the original page scans from the Schwinn Catalogs. I also have some selected files from the VeloPages website on Schwinn that are not covered in either the BikeHistory or the Waterford sites.  

The Waterford site has the individual pages in historical order but they are not compiled in any way. The BikeHistory site takes a different approach. The site has all the original images taken from the catalogs dating from as early as 1899. They have transcribed all the text from the catalogs to accompany the pictures. Both of these sites have been very helpful for me in researching the history of some of the Schwinn bicycles. 

After I began merging the individual pages available on the other websites into one complete catalog, I decided that putting together all of them to give a more comprehensive picture of Schwinn's history. Also, the PDFs get as close as possible to the original source without actually having a paper copy. 

For the comprehensive list of the Schwinn catalog individual page images, it is best to go to the Waterford or the BikeHistory websites. Also, if you have trouble reading the text in the PDFs-- which sometimes are blurry--BikeHistory has entered all the text from the catalogs into a more readable format. 

These catalogs were originally in the posting on A Short History of Schwinn Vintage Bicycles.  I decided it made more sense to post the catalog PDFs on their own. 

The 1890s

First Schwinn World Roadster Bicycle, 1895
(Image: Schwinn Bicycle Catalog, 1895)
1895 Pages from Publication Famous Schwinn Built Bicycles.

1899 Schwinn Catalog.

The 1900s through the 1920s

Schwinn Selection of World Bicycles, 1925
(Image: Schwinn Bicycle Summary Sheets, 1925)
Schwinn Uses Universal Studies as Advertising Backdrop, 1967
(Image: Cover of 1967 Schwinn Bicycle Catalog)











The 1970s

Schwinn 75 Anniversary Catalog, Knotts Berry Farm, 1970
(Image: 1970 Schwinn Catalog)















The 1980s